![]() This photo was labeled as a sponge in a respected biology textbook,īut in fact it is a colonial tunicate, not sponge.Oops!!! Tunicates areįor closeup, or go to p. Note: Some things that superficially look like spongesĪre not. defenses against predators: toxins and brightĨ.(And here is another BEAUTIFUL video showing how abundant and how LARGE sponges can be! ) ![]() Beautiful video of French angelfish and grey angelfish grazing on sponges in the Caribbean!.Sponges have three levels of organization: simple, compound. For photos of attractive marine angelfish The flow of water through sponges affects sponge feeding, reproduction, and gas exchange.sponges are food for various nudbranchs, sea.Photo of zooanthid anemones that live on sponges (these particular anemones live no-where else!).info on sociality infsnapping shrimp: article.Of snapping shrimp and further information sponges are home to many animals, includingīrittlestars, polychete worms, snapping shrimp, anemones, and many others:.many can move to new locations by dissassembly-reassembly (see: chicken.Variety in form (see diagrams in web article) symbiotic algae are common in sponges (e.g.water currents perpendicular to oscula aid.small food particles trapped (mostly bacteria).Skeletal components, most have 2 or 3 types (which sorts of sponges are skeletal elements -protein and spicules (see.collar cells (choanocytes) - create water.amoeboid cells - wander about, make spicules.Major cell types and structural features: Best described as a colony of protist-like cellsģ. some species in freshwater (unpolluted)Ģ.Sponges are sessile animals with simple body structure In addition to your text, please read the following:Īlso, if you are in my Bio 351 class (Invertebrate Biology), see the additional diagrams and photos here:ġ. Ways that members of that group solve these fundamental problems that are Processing information about surroundings (bothįor each group of animals that we study (andįor the microbes, fungi, and plants we have already studied) consider the Internal communication and coordination of activitiesĩ. In conclusion, the energy comes from the thermal (pressure) energy of the water molecules which push from the bottom.Procurement of raw materials for growth and maintenance Thus, it can counteract the gravity more easily. In a small vertical tube, the curvature can be such that the pressure is higher than for a flat interface. The pressure on the interface is thus reduced or increased depending on the curvature. A good way to interpret the effect of curvature is that you surround a given portion of the interface by more (or less) water molecules as you curve the interface. The curvature of this interface modifies the surface tension, which represents the energy contained in that surface. Therefore, the water/air interface will be strongly curved. Now, if there is a lot of solid around the water, such as water in a tiny tube, there are a lot of contact points. You can see this when you pour water in a glass: the water at the edge of the glass is a bit higher than in the center it makes an angle with the glass surface. This angle depends on the strength of the bonds between the solid and the water molecules. It is macroscopically observed in the contact angle that the water/air surface makes with the solid surface. The contact between water and a solid surface is determined by the chemical bonds. This effect is called capillarity and is not that straightforward.
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